Theoretical-practical tensions in the incorporation of men in the work of primary prevention of gender violence
Keywords:
gender violence, masculinities, interventions with men, primary preventionAbstract
This paper examines both the theoretical tensions, and those that exist between theory and practice regarding the incorporation of men in the primary prevention of gender based violence work. The analysis is based on a critical literature review of theoretical, empirical and practical articles, from mainly English-speaking countries. The article explores the definition of gender violence that is dealt with in these works and the role of masculinities as a cause of violence. Moreover, various elements that facilitate and hinder interventions with men in primary prevention are also analyzed. There are different tensions that arise and are discussed in the article. The consequences of these tensions include: a reduced definition of gender-based violence that excludes violence between men and against LGBTIQ+ people, a tendency to binarize gender-based violence as a phenomenon that affects only heterosexual and cisgender couples, an emphasis on individual aspects of men over a social transformation of masculinities, and lastly, an absence of interventions promoted and financed by states through specific social policies. The results presented contribute to systematizing knowledge that is generally scattered in the literature and proposals are made to reduce, and hopefully reverse these tensions.Downloads
References
Aguayo, F., Kimelman, E., Saavedra, P. y Kato-Wallace, J. (2016), Hacia la incorporación de los hombres en las politicas públicas de prevención de la violencia contra las mujeres y las niñas, Santiago, EME/CulturaSalud, Washington, D.C, Promundo-US, Ciudad de Panamá, ONU Mujeres y UNFPA.
Barker, G. (2016), Male violence or patriarchal violence? Global Trends in Men and Violence, Sex., Salud Soc. (Rio J.) (22), 316-330.
Barker, G., Ricardo, C., Nascimento, M. (2007). Engaging men and boys in changing gender-based inequity in health: Evidence from programme interventions. World Health Organization.
Bhana, D. y Mayeza, E. (2016), ‘We don’t play with gays, they’re not real boys … they can’t fight: Hegemonic masculinity and (homophobic) violence in the primary years of schooling, International journal of educational development (51), 36-42.
Brush, L. y Miller, E. (2019), Trouble in Paradigm: "Gender Transformative" Programming in Violence Prevention, Violence Against Women (14), 1635-1656.
Casey, E., Carlson, J., Two Bulls, S. y Yager, A. (2018), Gender Transformative Approaches to Engaging Men in Gender-Based Violence Prevention: A Review and Conceptual Model, Trauma Violence Abuse (2), 231-246.
Connell, R. (2005), Masculinities, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dworkin, S. y Barker, G. (2019), Gender-Transformative Approaches to Engaging Men in Reducing Gender-Based Violence: A Response to Brush & Miller’s "Trouble in Paradigm", Violence Against Women (14), 1657-1671.
Dworkin, S., Fleming, P. y Colvin, C. (2015), The promises and limitations of gender-transformative health programming with men: critical reflections from the field, Culture, Health & Sexuality: Beyond Working with Men and Boys (17), 128-143.
Essayag, S. (2018). Experiencias promisorias de masculinidades no violentas y corresponsables en el ámbito de los cuidados en Colombia y otros paises de América Latina y El Caribe. Bogotá: ONU Mujeres.
Fleming, P., Gruskin, S., Rojo, F. y Dworkin, S. (2015), Men's violence against women and men are inter-related: Recommendations for simultaneous intervention, Social Science & Medicine (146), 249-256.
Fleming, P., McCleary-Sills, J., Morton, M., Levtov, R., Heilman, B. y Barker, G. (2015), Risk factors for men's lifetime perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners: results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES) in eight countries, PLoS One (3), 1-18.
Flood, M. (2011). Involving Men in Efforts to End Violence Against Women, Men and masculinities (3), 358-377.
Flood, M. (2019), Engaging Men and Boys in Violence Prevention, Estados Unidos, Palgrave Macmillan.
Francis, B. (2010), Re/theorising gender: female masculinity and male femininity in the classroom?, Gender and Education (5), 477-490.
Fuller, N. (2001), Masculinidades. Cambios y permanencias, Perú: PUCP.
Graaf, K. y Heinecken, L. (2017), Masculinities and gender-based violence in South Africa: A study of a masculinities-focused intervention programme, Development Southern Africa (5), 622-634.
Guedes, A., Garcia-Moreno, C. & Bott, S. (2014). Violencia contra las mujeres en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica, 14(1), 41-48.
Hearn, J. (2012). A Multi-Faceted Power Analysis of Men’s Violence to Known Women: From Hegemonic Masculinity to the Hegemony of Men, The Sociological Review (4), 589–610.
INE (2019), Anuario de estadisticas vitales 2017, Santiago de Chile: Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas de Chile.
Jesson, J., Matheson, L. y Lacey, F. M. (2020). Doing your systematic review - Traditional and systematic techniques, International Journal of STEM Education 3 (2). SAGE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0036-1
Jewkes, R., Flood, M. y Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls, Lancet (9977), 1580-1589.
Jewkes, R. y Morrell, R. (2018). Hegemonic Masculinity, Violence, and Gender Equality: Using Latent Class Analysis to Investigate the Origins and Correlates of Differences between Men, Men and masculinities (4), 547-571.
Jewkes, R., Morrell, R., Hearn, J., Lundqvist, E., Blackbeard, D., Lindegger, G., Quayle, M., Sikweyiya, Y. & Gottzén, L. (2015). Hegemonic masculinity: combining theory and practice in gender interventions. Culture, health & sexuality, 17(sup2), 112-127.
Kaufman, M. (1987/2004), "The construction of masculinity and the. triad of men's violence", en Kaufman, M. (Ed.), Beyond patriarchy essays by men on pleasure, power, and change (584-598), Toronto: Oxford University Press,.
Lamas, M. (2018), Acoso: ¿denuncia legiÌtima o victimizacioÌn?, MeÌxico, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura EconoÌmica.
Linhares, Y., Fontana, J., & Laurenti, C. (2021). Protocols for preventing and tackling sexual violence in the university context: An analysis of the latin american scenario. Saude e Sociedade, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902021200180
Maternowska, C., Shackel, R., Carlson, C. y Levtov, R. (2021), The global politics of the age–gender divide in violence against women and children, Global Public Health 16(3): 354-365
Messerschmidt, J. (2018), Hegemonic Masculinity: Formulation, Reformulation, and Amplification, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield.
Morrell, R., Jewkes, R. y Lindegger, G. (2012), Hegemonic Masculinity/Masculinities in South Africa: Culture, Power, and Gender Politics, Men and Masculinities (1), 11-30.
Olavarria, J. (2006), "Hombres e identidad de género: algunos elementos sobre los recursos de poder y violencia masculina", en Careaga, Gloria y Cruz, Salvador (Coords.), Debates sobre Masculinidades. Poder, Desarrollo, Politicas Públicas y Ciudadania, México: UNAM.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) (2019) Masculinidades y salud en la Región de las Américas. Washington, D.C.: OPS.
Paredes, M. M., Miño, S. V., & Hernández, R. S. (2021). Violencia de Género en la Universidad: El Rol de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en su Prevención. The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M., 1(1), 478–493. https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v1i1.9586
Peacock, D. y Barker, G. (2014), Working with Men and Boys to Prevent Gender-based Violence: Principles, Lessons Learned, and Ways Forward, Men and masculinities (5), 578-599.
PNUD (2021), Atrapados: Alta Desigualdad y Bajo Crecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe, Nueva York, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Promundo, Instituto PAPAI, Salud y Género y ECOS. (2013), "Programa H|M|D: Manual de Acción/Involucrando a los jóvenes para alcanzar la equidad de género", recuperado de: http://promundo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/Programa-HMDManual-de-Accion.pdf
Ramirez, J.C. y Gutiérrez, N.C. (2018), Si de prevenir (las violencias contra las mujeres) se trata, ¿qué pasa con los hombres?, Revista Estudios de Politicas Públicas (2), 55-77.
Rodriguez Luna, R.. (2015), Juegos de chicos, lesiones de jóvenes, muertes de hombres: masculinidades y prevención de la violencia, Sociológica (84), 75-115.
Salazar, M., Daoud, N., Edwards, C. y Scanlon, M. (2020), PositivMasc: masculinities and violence against women among young people. Identifying discourses and developing strategies for change, a mixed-method study protocol, BMJ open (10), doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038797
Salter, M. (2016), ‘Real men don't hit women’: Constructing masculinity in the prevention of violence against women, Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology (4), 463-479.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2019), Global Study on Homicide. Viena.
Valdés, T. (2020), "Masculinidad y politicas de igualdad de género: ¿es posible "hacer una raya al tigre"?", en Madrid, S.; Valdés, T. y R. Celedón (Eds.), Masculinidades en América Latina. Veinte años de estudios y politicas para la igualdad de género (303-330), Santiago de Chile: Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano.
Viveros-Vigoya, M. (2016), Masculinities in the continuum of violence in Latin America, Feminist Theory (2), 229-237.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2014), Global Status Report on Violence Prevention, Geneva, WHO, UNODC, UNDP.
